The filling of electron from the lowest to the highest energy levels of an atom obeys

General
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the filling of electron from the lowest to the highest energy levels of an atom obeys

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The filling of electrons from the lowest to the highest energy levels of an atom obeys

Answer:
The filling of electrons in an atom from the lowest to the highest energy levels follows the Aufbau Principle. This principle dictates the order in which electrons are added to the orbitals of an atom in a manner that minimizes the energy of the atom.

Solution By Steps:

  1. Aufbau Principle:

    • Also known as the “building-up” principle, it states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available.

      The energy levels of orbitals increase as follows:
      [1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p]

  2. Pauli Exclusion Principle:

    • Orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and these two electrons must have opposite spins (spin quantum number m_s = +1/2 and m_s = -1/2).

  3. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity:

    • When electrons are added to orbitals of the same sublevel (degenerate orbitals), they will first fill the orbitals singly, with parallel spins, before pairing up.

Diagrammatic Representation:

To visualize the order of orbital filling, the following diagram, often known as the Aufbau diagram, is useful:

\begin{array}{cccccc} 1s & & & & & \\ 2s & 2p & & & & \\ 3s & 3p & 4s & & & \\ 3d & 4p & 5s & & & \\ 4d & 5p & 6s & & & \\ 4f & 5d & 6p & 7s & & \\ 5f & 6d & 7p & & & \\ \end{array}

Arrows pointing diagonally downward (:arrow_lower_right:) in the diagram help you understand the order of filling:

\begin{array}{cccccc} 1s & & & & & \\ \downarrow & 2p & & & & \\ 2s & & \downarrow & & & \\ \downarrow & 3p & 4s & & & \\ 3s & & \downarrow & \downarrow & & \\ \downarrow & 4p & 5s & & & \\ 3d & & \downarrow & \downarrow & & \\ \downarrow & 5p & 6s & & & \\ 4d & & \downarrow & \downarrow & & \\ \downarrow & 6p & 7s & & & \\ 4f & 5d & \downarrow & & & \\ \downarrow & 7p & & & & \\ 5f & 6d & & & & \\ \end{array}

Summary:

Final Answer:
The filling of electrons from the lowest to the highest energy levels of an atom obeys the Aufbau Principle, supported by the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.