It refers to those rights which pertain to all persons and are possessed by every individual because they are human

General
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it refers to those rights which pertain to all persons and are possessed by every individual because they are human.

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LectureNotes said it refers to those rights which pertain to all persons and are possessed by every individual because they are human.

Answer:
The rights referred to are human rights. Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every person in the world is entitled to from birth until death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe, or how you choose to live your life. They’re based on values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect, and independence.

Here are some key aspects of human rights:

  1. Universality:

    • Human rights are universal and inalienable. All people around the world are entitled to them. The principle of universality is the cornerstone of international human rights law.

  2. Indivisibility:

    • Human rights are indivisible and interdependent, meaning that all rights—whether civil, political, economic, social, or cultural—are equally important and cannot be fully enjoyed without the others.

  3. Equality and non-discrimination:

    • All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of the inherent dignity of each human person. This principle applies to every individual without distinction of any kind, including race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

  4. Participation and inclusion:

    • All people have the right to participate in and access information relating to decision-making processes that affect their lives and well-being.

  5. Accountability and rule of law:

    • States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance of human rights. When they fail to uphold these standards, they can be held accountable.

Examples of Human Rights:

  1. Right to Life and Liberty: Every individual has the right to life and to live freely without being subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention.
  2. Freedom from Torture and Slavery: No one should be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. Slavery and the slave trade in all their forms must be prohibited.
  3. Freedom of Opinion and Expression: Everyone has the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
  4. Right to Work and Education: Everyone has the right to work, to just and favorable conditions of work, and to protection against unemployment. Additionally, everyone has the right to education, which is essential for the full development of the human personality.
  5. Right to Equality before the Law: Every individual is entitled to equal protection under the law, without discrimination.

International Human Rights Framework:

The international framework for human rights includes:

  • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, the UDHR outlines the fundamental human rights that are to be universally protected.
  • International Human Rights Treaties: These include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
  • Regional Human Rights Instruments: Such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights.

Final Answer:
The rights referred to are human rights, which are fundamental for every individual, embodying principles of universality, indivisibility, equality, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability. These rights are enshrined in various international and regional human rights instruments.